Method and system for enabling data usage accounting

ABSTRACT

A method and system for enabling data usage accounting are described herein. As an example, the method can be practiced on a computing device that has secure applications and unsecure applications installed thereon. Initially, a request for a data session can be received through a secure application. The request for the data session can be intercepted, and the request for the data session can be modified to cause the request to be re-directed back to the secure application. In addition, a connection can be initiated to enable retrieval of data in response to the request and to enable an accounting of the data session. In one arrangement, this process of modifying the request for a data session may be restricted to secure applications such that data usage of the secure applications is tabulated separately from data usage associated with the unsecure applications.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This patent application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/573,601, filed on Dec. 17, 2014, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/478,066, filed on Sep. 5, 2014, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,938,547 on Jan. 20, 2015, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY

The present description relates to methods and systems for data usage accounting and more particularly, to methods and systems for data usage accounting in computing devices with secure enterprise applications and personal applications.

BACKGROUND

In an effort to increase productivity, many employers allow their workers to conduct business related to the employer on their personal mobile devices. In some cases, employers also provide some of their employees with company-issued mobile devices. In either arrangement, an employer understands that a single device may include sensitive data related to that employer in addition to data that is personal to the employee. Several advances have been made in an effort to protect an employer's data in these circumstances. For example, OpenPeak Inc. of Boca Raton, Fla. has developed solutions that enable a mobile device to include both enterprise and personal data but that isolate the enterprise data from the personal data. As part of these solutions, an employee may download secure applications that may be used to conduct transactions related to the enterprise.

Because the employee's device may include both personal and secure applications, it may be desirable to bifurcate the process of data usage accounting. In particular, the employer may wish to receive an accounting of the data usage associated with the secure applications that have been installed on the employee's device on behalf of the employer. This accounting, however, needs to be separate from data accounting that may be attributable to unsecure applications that the employee may have installed for personal use.

SUMMARY

A method of data usage accounting is described herein. This method may be particularly applicable in a setting that includes both secure applications and unsecure applications, although it is not limited to such a configuration. Via one of the secure applications, a request to access data can be received in which the request is intended for a content provider via a system service. The request that is intended for the content provider via the system service can be intercepted and modified to cause the system service to direct the request back to the secure application instead of the content provider. Further, a connection can be established with the content provider for the request through the secure application to enable data usage accounting of data that is returned by the content provider. An amount of data that is carried over the established connection and that is associated with the secure application can be determined. As an example, the amount of data that is determined in relation to the secure application can be separate from an amount of data that is determined on behalf of one or more unsecure applications.

Establishing the connection with the content provider can include establishing a secure connection with the content provider through the secure application. As an example, the secure connection with the content provider can be a virtual private network (VPN) connection that is individual to the secure application. The method can also include the steps of receiving content from the content provider at the secure application and forwarding the received content from the content provider to the system service for processing. As another example, modifying the intercepted request can include modifying an original uniform resource identifier (URI) of the request by changing the URI associated with the content provider.

In another embodiment, the method can also include the steps of receiving data from the content provider over the established connection and reading the data to determine whether a redirect from the content provider is present. If (or when) a redirect from the content provider is detected, the redirect from the content provider can be modified to ensure that the system service will direct the redirect to the secure application. Receiving data from the content provider may include receiving from the content provider a playlist that includes a plurality of original URIs, and modifying the redirect can include modifying at least some of the URIs of the playlist. In one non-limiting example, the system service can be a media playback service, and the media playback service is a system application that is also an unsecure application.

Another method of data usage accounting in a computing device that has one or more secure applications installed thereon is presented herein. This method can include the steps of receiving an original URI request through one of the secure applications, intercepting the original URI request and modifying the original URI request such that the modified original URI request is to be directed back to the secure application once the modified original URI request has been initially processed by a system service. The method can also include the step of tracking data usage associated with the modified original URI request.

In one embodiment, the modified original URI request can be converted back to the original URI request and a connection can be established between the secure application and a content provider for the original URI request. The computing device can also have one or more unsecure applications installed thereon. Tracking data usage associated with the modified original URI can include tracking data usage associated with the modified original URI through the secure application. The method can also include the step of segregating the data usage tracking associated with the modified original URI from data usage tracking associated with the unsecure applications. Moreover, establishing the connection between the secure application and the content provider can include establishing a secure connection between the secure application and the content provider. As an example, the secure connection can be individual to the secure application.

Yet another method of data usage accounting on a computing device is described herein. On a computing device that has secure applications and unsecure applications installed thereon, multiple sessions of the secure applications can be conducted. An amount of data that is consumed during the sessions of the secure applications can be determined. A data usage total can be tallied for the secure application sessions such that the data usage total for the secure applications is separate from a data usage total associated with the unsecure applications.

A computing device is also described herein. The computing device can include a display that is configured to display both secure and unsecure applications that are installed on the computing device. The device can also include a processing unit that is communicatively coupled to the display. The processing unit can be configured to receive a data access request through one of the secure applications in which the data request is supported by an unsecure application that is a system service of the computing device. The processing unit can also be configured to cause the data access request to be intercepted prior to processing by the unsecure application and to cause the data access request to be modified. Such a modification can cause the unsecure application to direct the data access request to the secure application instead of an intended location of the data access request. The processing unit can also be configured to cause a connection between the secure application and the intended location of the data access request to be established. The computing device may also include a calculation unit communicatively coupled to the processing unit. The calculation unit can be configured to determine an amount of data that is associated with the data access request through the secure application.

As an example, the connection between the secure application and the intended location of the data access request can be a VPN connection that is individual to the secure application. As another example, the data access request can be a uniform resource locator (URL) based on hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) or hypertext transfer secure protocol secure (HTTPS). The computing device can also include memory that can be associated with the secure application and can be configured to store the data access request for mapping the data access request to the modified data access request. In one embodiment, the processing unit can be further configured to convert the modified data access request back to its original form to establish the connection between the secure application and the intended location.

Another method for enabling data usage accounting is described herein. This method may be practiced on a computing device that has secure applications and unsecure applications installed thereon. A request for a data session can be received through a secure application. The request for the data session can be intercepted and modified to cause the request to be re-directed back to the secure application. In addition, a connection can be initiated to enable retrieval of data in response to the request and to enable an accounting of the data session.

As an example, initiating the connection can include initiating the connection between the secure application and an external network entity. As another example, initiating the connection can include establishing the connection between a hub application and an external network entity.

In one arrangement, the intercepted request may be a call to the operating system from the secure application or from a system framework, and the call may include addressing information for an external entity. In another arrangement, intercepting the request and modifying the request may be performed transparently such that the secure application generates the request for the data session in a native fashion. As another example, a listening socket can be created and modifying the request for the data session may include re-writing the addressing information of the request for the data session to point to the listening socket.

In some cases, it can be determined that the computing device is connected to a Wi-Fi connection. If so, a setting can be activated that may prevent the interception and modification of the request for the data session from occurring.

Another method of enabling segregated data usage accounting on a computing device is described herein. In particular, a secure application that is installed on the device can be launched, and the device may have unsecure applications installed thereon in addition to the secure application. Through the secure application, content from a content provider can be requested. The content request can be natively redirected back to the secure application. In addition, a connection can be established to enable retrieval of the requested content and to enable an accounting of data of the retrieved content. The native redirection of the content request may only occur for the secure application and not for the unsecure applications.

Natively redirecting the content request back to the secure application may include intercepting the content request from the secure application or a system framework and modifying the content request from the secure application or the system framework to cause the redirection of the content request to the secure application. As an example, modifying the content request may include changing addressing information associated with the requested content. As another example, a listening socket can be created to receive the content request redirected back to the secure application in which changing the addressing information can include re-writing with addressing information associated with the listening socket. The listening socket can be torn down once the connection to enable retrieval of the requested content and to enable the accounting of data is initiated or established.

In one arrangement, addressing information for a final destination of the content request can be retrieved, and the final destination addressing information can be used to establish the connection to enable retrieval of the requested content and to enable an accounting of data of the retrieved content. Moreover, the content request may be natively redirected back to the secure application and the connection to enable retrieval of the requested content and to enable the accounting of data of the retrieved content may be established only when the computing device is connected to a predetermined cellular network.

A computing device is also described herein. The computing device can include a display that is configured to display both secure and unsecure applications that are installed on the computing device and a processing unit that is communicatively coupled to the display. The processing unit may be configured to receive a data access request through one of the secure applications and to cause a transparent redirection of the data access request back to the secure application. The processing unit may also be configured to cause a connection of the secure application to be established to enable an accounting of data associated with the data access request such that data usage of the secure applications is tabulated separately from data usage associated with the unsecure applications.

The computing device may also include a calculation unit that is communicatively coupled to the processing unit and that is configured to perform the accounting of the data associated with the data access request. As an example, the processing unit can be further configured to report to an external entity predetermined threshold counts that are based on the accounting performed by the calculation unit.

In another arrangement, the processing unit can be configured to cause the data access request to be transparently redirected by causing the data access request to be intercepted and causing the data access request to be modified to enable the transparent redirection of the data access request back to the secure application. The processing unit may be further configured to cause the data access request to be intercepted from the secure application or a system framework.

The computing device may also include a Wi-Fi communications stack. Further, the processing unit can be further configured to cause the transparent redirection of the data access request to be deactivated when the computing device is connected to a Wi-Fi network through the Wi-Fi communications stack. The processing unit can be further configured to cause a temporary listening socket to be generated to enable the transparent redirection of the data access request.

Another computing device is described herein. The computing device can include a display that is configured to display both secure and unsecure applications that are installed on the computing device and a processing unit that is communicatively coupled to the display. The processing unit can be configured to receive a data access request through one of the secure applications and cause a transparent redirection of the data access request from an operating system of the computing device back to the secure application. The processing unit can also be configured to cause a connection of the secure application to be established to enable an accounting of data associated with the data access request such that data usage of the secure applications is tabulated separately from data usage associated with the unsecure applications.

In one arrangement, the processing unit can be configured to cause the transparent redirection of the data access request from the system by the modification of a uniform resource locator (URL) associated with the data access request or by re-writing addressing information associated with the data access request. In another arrangement, the processing unit can be configured to cause the transparent redirection of the data access request by intercepting the data access request from the secure application or from a system framework of the computing device. The processing unit can be further configured to cause a listening socket to be created to enable the transparent redirection of the data access request from the system service or the operating system.

Further features and advantage, as well as the structure and operation of various embodiments, are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. It is noted that this description is not limited to the specific embodiments presented herein. Such embodiments are provided for illustrative purposes only. Additional embodiments will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the teachings contained herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS/FIGURES

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein and form part of the specification, illustrate embodiments of the subject matter described herein and, together with the description, further serve to explain the principles of such subject matter and to enable a person skilled in the relevant art(s) to make and use the subject matter.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a block diagram of the system architecture of a computing device that is configured to practice the subject matter described herein.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a system that shows the computing device of FIG. 1 in communication with one or more remote servers.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a method for data usage accounting.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example of an interaction between a secure application, a remote server and a system service.

FIG. 5 illustrates another example of a method for enabling data usage accounting.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example of an interaction between a secure application and a system server.

The features and advantages of the embodiments herein will become more apparent from the detailed description set forth below when taken in conjunction with the drawings, in which like reference characters identify corresponding elements throughout. In the drawings, like reference numbers generally indicate identical, functionally similar, and/or structurally similar elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following detailed description refers to the accompanying drawings that illustrate exemplary embodiments; however, the scope of the present claims is not limited to these embodiments. Thus, embodiments beyond those shown in the accompanying drawings, such as modified versions of the illustrated embodiments, may nevertheless be encompassed by the present claims.

References in the specification to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “an example embodiment,” “one arrangement,” “an arrangement” or the like, indicate that the embodiment or arrangement described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every embodiment may not necessarily include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment or arrangement. Furthermore, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment or arrangement, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to implement such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments or arrangements whether or not explicitly described. The word “among,” as it is used throughout this description, should not necessarily be interpreted as requiring exchanges or interaction among three or more applications, irrespective of grammar rules. The word “a” is not necessarily limited to a singular instance of something, as it may mean one or more.

Several definitions that apply throughout this document will now be presented. The term “exemplary” as used herein is defined as an example or an instance of an object, apparatus, system, entity, composition, method, step or process. The term “communicatively coupled” is defined as a state in which two or more components are connected such that communication signals are able to be exchanged (directly or indirectly) between the components on a unidirectional or bidirectional (or multi-directional) manner, either wirelessly, through a wired connection or a combination of both. A “computing device” is defined as a component that is configured to perform some process or function for a user and includes both mobile and non-mobile devices. The term “computer readable storage medium” is defined as one or more components that are configured to store instructions that are to be executed by one or more processing units.

An “application” is defined as a program or programs that perform one or more particular tasks on a computing device. Examples of an application include programs that may present a user interface for interaction with a user or that may run in the background of an operating environment that may not present a user interface while in the background. The term “operating system” is defined as a collection of software components that directs a computing device's operations, including controlling and scheduling the execution of other programs and managing storage, input/output and communication resources. A “processing unit” or “processor” is defined as one or more components that execute sets of instructions, and the components may be disparate parts or part of a whole unit and may not necessarily be located in the same physical location.

The terms “memory,” “memory element” or “repository” are defined as one or more components that are configured to store data, either on a temporary or persistent basis. The term “shared memory” is memory, a memory element or a repository that is accessible (directly or indirectly) by two or more applications or other processes. An “interface” is defined as a component or a group of components that enable(s) a device to communicate with one or more different devices, whether through hard-wired connections, wireless connections or a combination of both. An “input/output device” is defined as a device that is configured to at least receive input from a user or a machine that is intended to cause some action or other effect on a component with which the input device is associated. A “display” is defined as an apparatus that presents information in visual form and may or may not receive input through a touch screen.

The term “file system” is defined as an abstraction that is used to organize, store and retrieve data. The term “secure application” is defined as an application that has been modified from its original form to restrict communications between the application and unauthorized programs, applications or devices and to restrict operation of the application based on policy or to alter, augment or add features associated with the operation of the application (or any combination thereof) or—in the case of the application not being modified—an application that is part of a secure workspace that is protected from data exchanges with applications that are part of a personal or an unsecure workspace. A “target application” is defined as an application that has been selected for conversion into a secure application. An “unsecure application” is defined as an application that has not undergone the modification required to convert the application into a secure application and, as such, is unable to obtain data from a secure application in view of an obfuscation scheme employed by that secure application or is an application that is not part of a secure workspace and is restricted from accessing data from the secure workspace. A “hub application” is defined as an application that receives input from one or more secure applications and establishes connections with external entities on behalf of the secure applications that provide such input. A “virtual machine” is defined as a platform-independent execution environment that emulates a physical machine.

The term “personal workspace” is defined as a workspace, profile or partition that is configured to contain the personal content and unsecure applications or other unsecure programs associated with a user of a computing device on which the personal workspace sits. The term “secure workspace” is defined as a workspace, profile or partition that is configured to contain secure content, secure applications and other secure programs and requires some form of authentication to be accessed.

The term “content provider” is defined as a site that offers data for consumption by a computing device. The term “system service” is defined as an application or a set of applications on a computing device that offer one or more features for access by an unsecure application or a secure application. A “secure connection” is defined as a connection in which at least some portion of the data that is exchanged over the connection is encrypted or otherwise obfuscated from unauthorized parties, entities or processes. To “consume data” means to receive data from a source, transmit data to a recipient or both. An “external network entity” means an entity—such as a component or a service—that is part of a network that is external to or located remotely from a computing device. An “external entity” is defined as an entity to which an application wishes to establish a connection.

As explained earlier, solutions have been developed that enable a mobile device to include both personal and enterprise data. Accordingly, it may be useful to segregate data usage accounting associated with the enterprise side from usage associated with the personal space. This process can enable an enterprise to determine how much data that is consumed by the mobile device is the responsibility of the enterprise.

In view of this need, a method and system for enabling data usage accounting are described herein. As an example, the method can be practiced on a computing device that has secure applications and unsecure applications installed thereon. Initially, a request for a data session can be received through a secure application. The request for the data session can be intercepted and modified to cause the request to be re-directed back to the secure application. Subsequently, a connection can be initiated to enable retrieval of data in response to the request and to enable an accounting of the data session. This connection, for example, can be initiated by the secure application. Moreover, this technique can be limited to the secure applications on the computing device, meaning the unsecure applications are unaffected.

Through this arrangement, data tracking can be conducted for virtually any secure application or otherwise any application associated with an enterprise. This tracking can also be kept apart from any accounting performed for a user's personal usage. Accordingly, an enterprise can accurately determine its accountability for data usage by a computing device that includes both enterprise and personal data.

Referring to FIG. 1, an example of a block diagram 10 of the system architecture of a computing device 15 is shown. In this arrangement, the computing device 15 can include a hardware layer 20, a kernel layer 25 and a libraries layer 30, which may include a plurality of native libraries. This architecture may also include a runtime environment 35, a system server 40, a secure framework 45 and an application layer 50.

In one arrangement, the hardware layer 20 may include any number and type of hardware components, such as one or more displays 55, one or more input/output (I/O) devices 60, one or more processing units 65 and any suitable type and number of memory devices 70 and interfaces 75. Examples of the I/O devices 60 include speakers, microphones, physical keypads, etc. In addition, the display 55 can serve as an I/O device 60 in the form of a touch-screen display. The interface 75 can be configured to support various types of communications, including wired or wireless and through any suitable type of standards and protocols. As an example, the interface 75 can include one or more cellular communication stacks and one or more Wi-Fi communication stacks to enable the computing device 15 to conduct bidirectional communications with one or more cellular networks and one or more Wi-Fi networks, respectively. In one arrangement, the hardware layer 20 may also include a calculation unit 77, which can be configured to calculate or determine (or at least assist in the determination or calculation of) data usage totals associated with any type of session conducted on the computing device 15, including those originating from the application layer 50. The calculation unit 77 may be a separate component or may be part of the processing unit 65. In another arrangement, the calculation unit 77 may be remotely located such that it is external to the computing device 15. In such a case, information regarding the sessions may be sent to a remote location that supports the calculation unit 77, and the unit 77 can perform its calculation functions once it receives the information.

In addition, the runtime environment 35 can support any suitable number of virtual machines 80 and core libraries 85, although a virtual machine may not be needed in other arrangements, such as where native code is employed. The system server 40 can serve as an abstraction for the underlying layers for the applications in the application layer 50 and can provide numerous system services for the applications. As is known in the art, a system framework, which may be part of an application's process, can be employed to enable interaction with the system server 40 or other components. In this example, the application layer 50 may include any number of unsecure applications 90 and any number of secure applications 95, one of which may be a core secure application 100. The secure framework 45 can function in a manner similar to that of a conventional framework, but the secure framework 45 can facilitate the encapsulation of a number of secure applications 95 to selectively restrict their data exchanges with the unsecure applications 90. In particular, the secure framework 45 can be configured to intercept and modify certain calls from the secure applications 95, prior to passing them to the system server 40. In one arrangement, these calls may be from the secure applications 95 or the system framework.

In many cases, the unsecure applications 90 are associated with the personal data of a user of the computing device 15. In contrast, the secure applications 95 are typically associated with confidential or otherwise sensitive information that belongs to or is associated with an enterprise or some other organization, and the user of the device 15 may work for such an entity. In one arrangement, a virtual partition or workspace may be created on the computing device 15 in which the secure applications 95 (and the core secure application 100) are part of a secure workspace 105, and the unsecure applications 90 are part of a personal workspace 110. In certain cases, a user may be required to provide authentication information, such as a password, PIN or biometric data, to gain access to the secure workspace 105 or to any individual or group of secure applications 95.

In some cases, some of the unsecure applications 90 may be system services 115 that provide features or functionality that is associated with the type of operating system that is installed on the computing device 15. In some cases, the system service 115 may be an application or a set of applications that live in the background and support different tasks associated with the operating system of the device 15. System services 115 may facilitate the exposure of low-level functions of the hardware layer 20 and the kernel layer 25 to the higher-level application layer 50. Many system services 115 may operate with elevated privileges, in comparison to other applications. For example, a common system service 115 that is typically found on computing devices 15 is a media player, which processes and presents media data for a user. Another example of a system service 115 may be a photo viewer, which presents digital images for the user. As those skilled in the art will appreciate, the examples listed here are not meant to be limiting, and there are other system services 115 that may be available on the computing device 15.

In another embodiment, the system services 115 may be trusted unsecure applications 90 that secure applications 95 are permitted to share or otherwise exchange data with. An example of a trusted unsecure application 90 may be an unsecure application 90 that is by default installed on the computing device 15, such as by the manufacturer of the device 15 or a wireless carrier or other entity that provides services to the device 15. Another example of a trusted unsecure application 90 may be an unsecure application 90 that is listed on an application whitelist for one or more secure applications 95. By being part of the application whitelist, the trusted unsecure application 90 may be preapproved for data exchange with the relevant secure application(s) 95. Additional information on application whitelisting can be found in U.S. patent application No. 61/973,898, filed on Apr. 2, 2014, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

As noted above, the secure applications 95 and the system architecture may be configured to enable at least some of the calls to the system server 40 to be intercepted. There are several processes available for such a process. For example, U.S. patent application No. 62/033,142, which was filed on Aug. 5, 2014 and is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety, describes a method and system in which some of the system classes are overridden by classes associated with the core secure application 100, which can allow runtime hooks to be applied against certain system calls. Based on this technique, some of the calls that the secure applications 95 (or a system framework) make to the system services 115 can be intercepted and modified, a process that will described below.

As another example, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/205,661, which was filed on Mar. 12, 2014, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/205,686, which was also filed on Mar. 12, 2014, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety, present methods and systems by which target applications are encapsulated as secure applications for distribution. Once installed and initiated on a computing device 15, the encapsulated application described in these references is loaded into memory, and runtime hooks are set to enable application programming interface (API) calls from the secure application to be intercepted. Similar to the description above, at least some of the calls to the system services 115 from the secure applications 95 (or a system framework) can be modified once they are intercepted. Other information on the process of intercepting certain functions of secure applications can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 8,695,060, issued on Apr. 8, 2014, which is also herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

As described in these incorporated references, a secure application 95 can be configured to provide additional features that may not have been otherwise available prior to it being converted into a secure application 95. As an example, a secure application 95 can be arranged to track the amount of data that it uses for a particular session. This process enables an administrator to determine data usage on a per-application basis. Of course, secure applications 95 may be managed in accordance with many other policies or configurations, as is known in the art.

While many applications (or target applications) are able to be converted into secure applications 95, there are some applications that may not be so modified. For example, many system services 115 are default applications that are provided as part of the base configuration of the computing device 15. The developer of the operating system that provides these system services 115 may not permit the system services 115 to be converted into secure applications 95. As such, many system services 115 may remain as unsecure applications 90 on the computing device 15. Accordingly, the operation of a system service 115 may not be amenable to being controlled or managed, as is the case with secure applications 95. The relevance of this condition will be explained below.

In one embodiment, a hub application 120 may be part of the application layer 50. The hub application 120 may serve as a connection point for any number of secure applications 95 to enable the secure applications 95 to connect to any suitable external entity, including various network components. In particular, if a secure application 95 requires a connection with an external entity, the secure application 95 can request the hub application 120 to facilitate the communication. The hub application 120 can accept such requests from any of the secure applications 95, including from a single secure application 95 at a time or from multiple secure applications simultaneously. In accordance with the description herein, such a technique can facilitate the accounting of data usage associated with secure applications 95. In one example, the hub application 120 can be a daemon or some other process that runs in the background. Because the hub application 120 accepts requests from the secure applications 95, it may be considered as part of the secure workspace 105 and may not be permitted to accept requests from the unsecure applications 90. As an option, a similar arrangement can be made for the unsecure applications 90, or, alternatively, the hub application 120 can be configured to accept requests from both secure applications 95 and unsecure applications 90.

Referring to FIG. 2, a system 200 that shows the computing device 15 in communication with one or more remote servers 205 is shown. One or more communication networks 210 may facilitate the communications between the computing devices 15 and the remote servers 205. In this example, the computing device 15 may be a mobile computing device, although the principles described herein may apply to desktop computers or other fixed equipment. In addition, a mobile computing device may be, for example, a smartphone, laptop, tablet or other devices that may be carried by an individual. The network(s) 210 may be composed of various types of components to support wireless or wired communications (including both). The network(s) 210 may also be configured to support local or wide area communications (or both). The remote servers 205 may host any number of web sites that offer content that may be retrieved by the computing device 15 and may also be configured to accept data from the computing device 15. Because the servers 205 offer content, they may also be referred to as content providers, although the term “content provider” is certainly not limited to this particular example.

When operating the computing device 15, a user may wish to access data from any one of the remote servers 205. In some cases, the data access request may originate from an unsecure application 90. In the standard flow, the unsecure application 90 may sometimes forward the request to a relevant system service 115. For example, if a user wishes to view a video associated with one of the remote servers 205 through an unsecure application 90, the unsecure application 90 passes the request to a media player of the computing device 15. The media player then retrieves the data from the appropriate server 205 and presents such data to the user.

In the case of a secure application 95, a similar request would normally be passed to the media player, as well. In addition, the media player would conventionally establish a connection with the relevant remote server 205 and would present the requested data to the user. But because the system services 115 are typically not permitted to be converted into secure applications 95, implementing the feature of data accounting in them, as can be done with secure applications 95, may not be possible. In this instance, difficulties are presented in determining the percentage of data usage that is associated with secure applications 95 in comparison to the consumption of data by unsecure applications 90.

A solution is described here, however, that enables such an accounting to take place. In particular, the initial data request from the secure application 95 can be intercepted and modified prior to being passed to the media player. In view of the modification, the media player (or other system service 115) can direct the request back to the secure application 95, and a connection can be established between the secure application 95 and the appropriate remote server 205 to facilitate the exchange of data between the secure application 95 and the remote server 205. This redirection of the request through the secure application 95 can enable an accounting of the amount of data that is associated with this particular session, a feature that can be incorporated into secure applications 95. Accordingly, an accurate accounting of data usage associated with at least some or all secure applications 95 on the computing device 15 is now possible. As previously mentioned, the counting of the data associated with a secure application 95 is not limited to being performed by the secure application 95 or even the computing device 15, as the calculation can be performed remotely.

This arrangement can enable an entity to determine the percentage of data usage that is attributable to it and to the user on a personal basis. Because data usage may be segregated between enterprise use and personal use, the enterprise may be able to craft more accurate data plans with wireless carriers or other similar entities. Moreover, the user, who may own the computing device 15, would understand that the user would not be charged for data usage associated with that user's work or business and that the user would only be paying for personal data consumption.

Referring to FIG. 3, a method 300 of data usage accounting is shown. The method 300, however, may include additional or even fewer steps or processes in comparison to what is illustrated in FIG. 3. Moreover, the method 300 is not necessarily limited to the chronological order that is shown in FIG. 3. In describing the method 300, reference may be made to FIGS. 1, 2 and 4, although it is understood that the method 300 may be practiced with any other suitable systems and components and may take advantage of other suitable processes.

At step 305, in a setting that includes both secure applications and unsecure applications, a request to access data can be received via one of the secure applications in which the request is intended for a content provider via a system service. The request intended for the content provider via the system service can be intercepted, as shown at step 310. At step 315, the intercepted request can be modified, which can cause the system service to direct the request back to the secure application instead of the content provider. A connection can be established with the content provider for the request through the secure application to enable data usage accounting of data that is returned by the content provider, as shown at step 320. Additionally, at step 325, content from the content provider can be received at the secure application, and the received content from the content provider can be forwarded to the system service for processing, as shown at step 330. An amount of data that is carried over the established connection associated with the secure application can be determined, as shown at step 335.

Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, a user may wish to access data through, for example, a secure application 95 that is installed on the computing device 15. As an example, the user may desire to retrieve some type of content, such as video, through the secure application 95. The content may need to be retrieved from one of the remote servers 205. Conventionally, the data access request would be passed to the relevant system service 115 and the system service 115 would fetch the content from the remote server 205. Here, however, the data access request may be intercepted prior to being handled by the operating system and can be modified to direct the request back to the secure application 95 instead of the remote server 205. Reference will be made to FIG. 4 to help explain this process.

In FIG. 4, an example of an interaction 400 between the secure application 95, the system service 115 and the remote server 205 is shown. In the initial step, the data access request is received and is intercepted and modified. In this example, the data access request is for video that is stored at one of the remote servers 205 that is associated with a website or some other form of digital content, and the system service 115 is a media playback application. As such, in accordance with earlier discussion, the API that is associated with the media playback service can be hooked.

Based on conventional techniques, the uniform resource indicator (URI) related to this data request may be a uniform resource locator (URL) with the associated content available via the hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) or the hypertext transfer protocol secure (HTTPS). As part of the modification process, the URL may be changed prior to being passed to the system service 115. The modification of the URL, in one embodiment, may be based on a port number that is provided by the operating system. For example, the secure application 95 may create a listening socket on a loopback interface by requesting a socket and port number from the operating system. As is known in the art, the loopback interface can support inter-process or inter-app communications on the computing device 15. The requested port may be a predetermined value or may be simply a request to the operating system to provide an available port number. Continuing with the example, the URL may be converted into a local-host URL that includes the assigned port number and the rest of the information from the original URL. The modified URL may then be passed across to the system service 115, in this case, the media player. As will be explained later, multiple listening sockets and ports may be requested from the operating system as part of this process.

Consider the following specific but non-limiting example. A user may select a link through a secure application 95, which may have the following exemplary URL associated with it:

http:www.youtube.com/watch?v=uWHRqspFke0

As noted earlier, the secure application 95 may request a socket and port value from the operating system, and the port value can factor into the modified URL. In this example, the original URL may be transformed into the following local-host URL:

http:localhost:4444?t=www.youtube.com&p=watch&r=uRqspFke0

Here, the port value “4444” is now part of the URL string, which can cause the system service 115 to point back to this port created by the secure application 95. In addition, as can be seen, the original hostname can be encoded in the “t=” parameter, the original path can be encoded in the “p=” parameter and the original parameters can be encoded in the “r=” parameter. Thus, the modified URL can include the port value, and the remote information can be added as parameters in the modified URL. A similar example for an HTTPS request will be presented below.

In some arrangements, as part of this process, the secure application 95 can create a proxy when the data is initially requested through the secure application 95. The proxy can act as the intermediary between the system service 115 and the remote server 205. In doing so, the proxy may listen in on any sockets that were created for the overall modification of the data access request. As an example, each secure application 95 can be individually configured to generate the proxy for relevant data requests that it receives.

In another arrangement, the secure application 95 may record a copy of the information associated with the original data request and can map that information to the redirect address that has been created. For example, in the example above, the secure application 95 may record the information associated with the original URL in any suitable database, such as the memory 70 of FIG. 1, and can map this information to the port that was assigned to the modified URL. This way, the secure application 95 can easily determine the original remote server 205 when it receives the modified URL. In an alternative embodiment, the information of the original data request may not need to be stored and mapped to the redirect address. In the URL example, the original information from the URL can simply be obtained from the modified URL because the original information may be part of the modified information.

Moving back to FIG. 4, in the second step, the modified data access request can cause the system service 115 to direct the request back to the secure application 95, instead of the original remote server 205. That is, the system service 115 will establish a connection with the secure application 95 via the port that the secure application 95 created. In view of the mapping process described above, the secure application 95 is able to determine the original data access request and can establish a connection with the relevant content provider, such as an appropriate remote server 205. In particular, based on the example above, the secure application 95 can determine the original URL request and can open a connection with the location specified by the original URL. This process is reflected in the third step of FIG. 4. At this point, the secure application 95 can fetch the content from the remote server 205 and can return this content to the system service 115 for processing, as shown in the fourth step. The user may then consume the requested data similar to a normal session. As will be explained below, there may be scenarios where a similar re-routing process can be performed to enable data usage tracking but without the invocation of a system service 115.

As previously noted, the secure application 95 may be configured to track data usage. In this case, the secure application 95 can determine an amount of data that is carried over the connection that is established with the remote server 205. This can include both incoming (i.e., from remote server 205 to secure application 95) and outgoing (i.e., from secure application 95 to remote server 205) content. For example, the calculation unit 77 of FIG. 1 can work with the secure application 95 to tally the amount of data consumed by this particular session. In addition, because each session associated with this particular secure application 95 can be tracked, a cumulative amount of data usage for the secure application 95 over a certain time period can be determined. This process may also be conducted for all or at least some of the other secure applications 95 that are installed on the computing device 15. As previously mentioned, the data usage associated with the secure applications 95 may also be counted at a location that is remote to the computing device 15.

If the secure applications 95 are associated with an enterprise, the enterprise can determine the amount of data usage that is tied to each of its secure applications 95. This feature can enable the enterprise to determine data usage on the device 15 that is solely attributable to it. As a result, data usage tracking associated with the secure applications can be segregated from data usage that originates from the unsecure applications.

In one embodiment, the connection that is established between the secure application 95 and the remote server 205 can be a secure connection. For example, as is known in the art, the secure application 95 can be configured to establish virtual private network (VPN) connections with remote locations. Such a VPN connection is individual to the secure application 95 and is different from a system-level VPN. If desired, however, the connection between the secure application 95 and the remote server 205 is not required to be a secure connection. In addition, in another embodiment, the secure application 95 may use a system-level VPN.

The description above may apply to other protocols that facilitate the exchange of data. For example, HTTPS traffic may also be tracked in accordance with the procedures presented herein. In one embodiment, additional steps can be taken when dealing with HTTPS traffic to ensure accurate and complete accounting. For example, if a user is accessing an HTTPS link through the secure application 95, the original URL may be modified similar to the HTTP examples above, but the connection between the system service 115 and the secure application 95 may be left in the open.

Consider the following example. If an HTTPS request is generated, the secure application 95 can convert the HTTPS request to an HTTP request when the secure application 95 modifies the URL for purposes of directing the system service 115 back to the secure application 95. That is, the secure application 95 can change the connection type of the data request from a secure connection to an open connection when the data request is modified. Referring back to the URL example above, the following HTTPS URL may be received:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uWHRqspFke0

The secure application 95 can determine that this is an HTTPS request and can modify the URL. An exemplary conversion is presented here:

http://localhost:4444?s=www.youtube.com&p=watch&r=v=uWHRqsFke0

As reflected in the string, the HTTPS request is converted to an HTTP request. As a result, the connection between the system service 115 and the secure application 95 can be out in the open. As will be explained below, this feature can enable the secure application 95 to handle re-directs from the remote server 205.

As can also be seen in the string, the “s=” parameter can provide an indication that the original URL was an HTTPS request. Accordingly, when the secure application 95 establishes the connection between it and the remote server 205, an HTTPS connection can be created. In other words, the system service 115 may not be responsible for establishing the HTTPS connection, and the secure application 95 may be in control of any security-related handshaking and getting the encryption keys in place. The session between the secure application 95 and the remote server 205 can be a transport layer security (TLS) connection, which can terminate at the secure application 95.

As explained earlier, the secure application 95 may be configured to arrange VPN connections in an individual manner. Such an application-level VPN can support any type of traffic that is exchanged between the secure application 95 and the remote server 205, including both HTTP and HTTPS streams. In other words, the ability of the secure application 95 to provide an application-level VPN does not impede the ability of the secure application 95 to modify data access requests and then convert them back to their original form, as described above. Further, these techniques can be practiced if the secure application 95 is using a system-level VPN or is not relying on a VPN connection at all.

As is known in the art, some initial data access requests are answered with a re-direct, which instructs the requesting source to another destination to retrieve the desired content. For example, in the case of an HTTP request, the requesting device may receive an HTTP re-direct from the server, which causes the device to generate another HTTP request based on the re-direct destination. In addition, in some cases, a URL playlist may be sent from the server, which may include a plurality of URLs. This particular feature may support HTTP live-streaming, a protocol that enables a client to select from a number of different alternate streams containing the same material encoded at a variety of data rates, which can allow the streaming session to adapt to the available data rate.

In one arrangement, the secure application 95 may be configured to account for these re-directs. For example, if the initial data request is an HTTP request and the remote server 205 returns an HTTP re-direct, the secure application 95 may transform that HTTP re-direct in accordance with the modification process described above. By doing so, the secure application 95 can ensure that the system service 115 establishes the new re-direct connection with the secure application 95. As such, when the secure application 95 detects a re-direct, the secure application 95 can request another socket and port from the operating system to account for the new destination that originates from the re-direct. The secure application 95 can then open a connection between itself and the new (and appropriate) remote server 205. This process can be expanded to account for re-direct playlists, such that socket/port pairs are generated when needed for the URLs that make up the playlists.

As can be gleaned from this example, the secure application 95 may be required to detect the re-directs in the incoming streams. If the original data access request is not based on a secure protocol, like HTTPS, then the secure application 95 is easily able to detect the re-directs. If the original request is based on a secure protocol, however, complications may arise because the traffic being streamed to the system service 115 may be encrypted. As noted above, when dealing with a secure protocol, the termination point for the secure connection can be placed at the secure application 95, not the system service 115. As a result, the secure application 95 can decrypt the incoming traffic and can detect the re-directs, similar to how it would for an unsecure protocol. Thus, as an example, re-directs can be handled for both HTTP and HTTPS.

In some cases, other components may assist in the calculation of data for purposes of usage accounting. For example, some system services 115 may offer notifications based on certain events that may be related to data usage. In one particular example, the secure applications 95 can register for certain callbacks from the system services 115 that are equipped to provide such notifications. As an example, if a data session is initiated through a secure application 95, the system service 115 can provide one or more notifications that inform the secure application 95 of the start of the session and its eventual ending. Statistics related to the amount of data that was consumed during the session can be incorporated into the notifications, which the secure application 95 can use to track its data usage. The overall total usage related to all or at least some of the secure applications 95 can be determined, which can allow the segregation of data consumption between secure and personal profiles, as described earlier. In this case, however, the modification of the data access requests is not required, and the system service may fetch data in its conventional manner. When available with the system services 115, this feature may be useful for data accounting, particularly when application-level VPNs are not incorporated into the secure applications 95.

The description herein has been presented primarily in terms of a secure application 95 handling the modification of data requests and the data usage tracking. The description, however, is not so limited. In particular, these features can be implemented into an unsecure application such that data usage can be tracked for these types of applications on an individual basis. Similarly, the system service that is involved in this process is not limited to a media player. In fact, any system service that is involved in the exchange of data with a remote location may be applicable to the description provided herein. For example, other system services that apply here may include a texting application, a dialer or any other application that facilitates or otherwise supports voice communications, a video or camera application, or a map application or other application that supports mapping features. In fact, the description herein may apply to any type of application, whether secure or unsecure, that may involve the consumption of content or the use of services in which it may be necessary to distinguish between personal use of such content and services and secure or workspace or enterprise use of the content and services.

In some cases, it may not be necessary to invoke the system service 115 to handle a request for a data session. That is, the request for the data session may not require the launching of a separate application to handle the request. For example, the secure application 95 may be a secure web browser, through which a user may attempt to retrieve some data. As is known in the art, in prior art cases, an application may work with the operating system of a computing device to establish a connection to an external entity, such as a web server. In a typical mobile device setting, the application may be configured to generate calls for an application programming interface (API) defined by the portable operating system interface (POSIX). In response, the operating system can establish a connection to the external entity on behalf of the application.

Similar to the description above, techniques can be implemented that enable secure applications 95 to have such calls natively redirected back to them for the purpose of establishing a connection with the appropriate external entity and for enabling an accounting of the data session. This process can also make possible a scheme in which data usage for secure applications 95 is counted separately from that associated with unsecure applications 90.

Referring to FIG. 5, a method 500 for enabling data usage accounting is shown. The method 500, however, may include additional or even fewer steps or processes in comparison to what is illustrated in FIG. 5. Moreover, the method 500 is not necessarily limited to the chronological order that is shown in FIG. 5. In describing the method 500, reference may be made to the drawings attached hereto, although it is understood that the method 500 may be practiced with any other suitable systems and components and may take advantage of other suitable processes.

At step 505, a request for a data session can be received through a secure application, and at step 510, in response, a listening socket can be created. The request for the data session can be intercepted, as shown at step 515, and the request for the data session can be modified to cause the request to be re-directed back to the secure application, as shown at step 520. At step 525, a connection can be initiated to enable retrieval of the data in response to the request and an accounting of the data session. At step 530, the listening socket can be torn down. In addition, at decision block 535, it can be determined whether a connection with a Wi-Fi network is in place. If no, the method 500 can resume at decision block 535. If yes, a setting can be activated that prevents the request for the data session from being intercepted and modified, as shown at step 540.

To help explain the method 500, reference will be made to FIG. 6, which presents an example of an interaction 600 between a secure application 95 and the system server 40 with the secure framework 45 facilitating the operation. Although the secure framework 45 may be considered part of and can work in conjunction with the secure application 95 to carry out the operations described herein, reference may in some cases be made solely to the secure application 95 when explaining this interaction 600 for purposes of convenience. Initially, a user may be interacting with the secure application 95, and the user may wish to retrieve some content from, for example, an external entity. As noted earlier, the computing device 15 may have both secure applications 95 and unsecure applications 90 installed thereon.

In response to the user interaction, the secure application 95 may generate a request for a data session. As an example, the request may be a POSIX connect call, although the principles outlined herein are not limited to such an arrangement. This request may include addressing information that is intended to be used to establish the connection with the external entity. Examples of addressing information include the following arguments: socket (specifies the file descriptor associated with the socket); address (points to a sockaddr structure containing the peer address); and address_len (specifies the length of the sockaddr structure pointed to by the address argument. Other exemplary arguments and parameters may also be applicable here. In addition, the term “addressing information” is defined as data that is configured to facilitate or enable a connection with one or more destinations. This request may be from the secure application 95 or the system framework associated with the secure application 95. In either case, in response, the secure application 95 can generate a listening socket on the loopback interface—similar to the procedures previously described. In one arrangement, the listening socket can be a temporary socket in that it can be torn down once it serves its purpose of establishing a connection through the secure application 95.

Once the listening socket is created, the secure application 95 can intercept the request for the data session. This interception can occur because the secure framework 45 can be shimmed between the system framework and the operating system and can be configured to recognize predetermined calls for modification or other processing, while allowing others to pass unfettered. In any event, the data session request can be modified by re-writing portions of the request based on the newly-created listening socket. For example, the addressing information of the connect call may be re-written with the addressing information associated with the listening socket. As shown in FIG. 6, the modified data session request can then be passed to the system server 40. This modified call may still be in the native format, or in the form that is normally used by the secure application 95 and other applications on the computing device 15 to make calls to the operating system. That is, the native version of the relevant function can be called at this stage, where it is modified to include the new addressing information for the listening socket.

As part of the modification process, the original addressing information (or at least some portion of it) can be stored and assigned to the listening socket. The original addressing information includes the final destination address and can be used to establish the intended connection, as will be explained below. As another part of this process, a return can be generated to inform the system framework or the secure application 95 that the requested connect is in progress.

When the operating system receives the data session request, the operating system can redirect the data session request back to the secure application 95, as opposed to the intended final destination address. In particular, the data session request is returned to the listening socket based on the re-written addressing information that replaced the original addressing information. In this case, the operating system can wire up a connection between the relevant socket of the secure application 95 and the listening socket through the loopback interface. Once the redirected connection is established on the listening socket, the secure application 95 can retrieve the original addressing information and can initiate and establish the connection with the external entity, using the original addressing information. Specifically, a connect socket can be generated, and this connect socket can be used to establish a connection with the appropriate socket of the external entity. Further, once the connection with the intended external entity has been initiated (or completed), the secure application 95 can tear down the listening socket to return system resources.

In this case, similar to the process associated with the system service redirection described above, the redirection here can be transparent to the secure application 95 or the system framework. That is, no changes are required to be made to the secure application 95 or the system framework to enable the interception and modification of the data session request. These objects can continue to make their native calls when seeking to exchange data with an external entity, and they are unaware that their calls are being manipulated in this manner. The terms “transparent redirection of a request” or “transparently redirecting a request” are defined as a redirection of a request in which the source of the request is unaware of its redirection, and examples of a request include a call, command or function. The terms “native redirection of a request” or “natively redirecting a request” are defined as a redirection of a request in which the source of the request maintains its reliance on native or pre-existing protocols or structure to generate or to facilitate the request.

The connection between the secure application 95 and the external entity may support various types of formats or protocols. In some cases, the connection to the external entity may be through an application-level virtual private network (VPN), as the secure application 95 may be configured to provide such a feature. The connection may also utilize a system-level VPN, if desired. In this case, the socket of the external entity can be the appropriate socket of the VPN, as opposed to a native socket for the back-end location. Moreover, the connection with the external entity is not necessarily limited to being a secure connection, as unsecure connections may be used.

As noted earlier, the computing device 15 in which the previously described techniques may be practiced may include a Wi-Fi communications stack. The Wi-Fi stack can enable the device 15 to exchange data with external entities over a Wi-Fi network using any of the protocols within that family for which the device 15 is configured. In some cases, it may not be necessary to track data usage associated with secure applications 95 (or even unsecure applications 90) when the device 15 is camped on a Wi-Fi network. In fact, it may not be necessary to do so when the device 15 is operating on any non-cellular network or other networks that do not bill users for access. In this instance, when the device 15 is using a Wi-Fi network or other non-billable or free network for data access, a setting in the device may be activated to prevent the process of redirecting data access requests. That is, because users are typically permitted to access Wi-Fi networks for free, it may not be necessary to track data usage when the device 15 is using such a network, thereby obviating the need to intercept and modify the data access requests in accordance with the processes described above. When the computing device 15 leaves the Wi-Fi network and returns to the billing network, the setting can be deactivated, and the process of data usage counting can begin again.

In another arrangement, the tracking of data usage may be limited to a particular network, such as a predefined cellular network. Thus, the processes described herein may only be executed on this predetermined network. When the computing device 15 is operating on any other network, the redirection process may not be carried out. For example, if the computing device 15 is roaming on a network, or operating on a network that is not its home network, the setting that prevents the redirection process may be activated, even though use of the roaming network may cause the user to incur data usage charges. Nonetheless, if desired, data usage tracking based on the techniques described herein may be conducted on roaming networks or Wi-Fi or other free-access networks.

While various embodiments have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. It will be understood by those skilled in the relevant art(s) that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the subject matter as defined in the appended claims. Accordingly, the breadth and scope of the present subject matter should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.

The flowchart and block diagrams in the figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods and computer program products according to various embodiments. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of code, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). It should also be noted that, in some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for enabling data usage accounting, comprising: on a computing device that has secure applications and unsecure applications installed thereon, receiving through a secure application a request for a data session, wherein the secure application includes an encapsulated target application in which system calls of the target application are selectively overridden; wherein the secure application performs or facilitates the following: intercepting the request for the data session; modifying the request for the data session to cause the request to be re-directed back to the secure application; initiating a connection to enable retrieval of data in response to the request and to enable an accounting of the data session; creating a listening socket and wherein modifying the request for the data session comprises re-writing the addressing information of the request for the data session to point to the listening socket; determining that the computing device is connected to a Wi-Fi connection; and activating a setting that prevents intercepting the request for the data session and modifying the request for the data session from occurring.
 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein initiating the connection comprises initiating the connection between the secure application and an external entity.
 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein initiating the connection comprises initiating the connection between a hub application and an external entity.
 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the intercepted request is a call to the operating system from the secure application or from a system framework and the call includes addressing information for an external entity.
 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein intercepting the request and modifying the request are performed transparently such that the secure application generates the request for the data session in a native fashion.
 6. A computing device, comprising: a display that is configured to display both secure and unsecure applications that are installed on the computing device, wherein a secure application includes an encapsulated target application in which system calls of the target application are selectively overridden; a processor that is communicatively coupled to the display, wherein the processor is configured to cause the secure application to perform or facilitate the following: receive a data access request through one of the secure applications; transparently redirect the data access request back to the secure application by intercepting the data access request and modifying the data access request to cause the data access request to be re-directed back to the secure application; initiate a connection of the secure application to enable an accounting of data associated with the data access request such that data usage of the secure application is tabulated separately from data usage associated with the unsecure applications; create a listening socket and modify the data access request by re-writing addressing information of the data access request to point to the listening socket; determine that the computing device is connected to a Wi-Fi connection; and activate a setting that prevents the interception of the data access request and the modification of the data access request from occurring.
 7. The computing device according to claim 6, further comprising a calculation unit that is communicatively coupled to the processor and that is configured to perform the accounting of the data associated with the data access request.
 8. The computing device according to claim 7, wherein the processor is further configured to report to an external entity predetermined threshold counts that are based on the accounting performed by the calculation unit. 